How To Find Myself In God

Ancient Greek aphorism; i of the Delphic maxims

Ruins of forecourt of the Temple of Apollo at Delphi, where "know thyself" was one time said to exist inscribed

Allegorical painting from the 17th century with text Nosce te ipsum

The Aboriginal Greek adage "know thyself" (Greek: γνῶθι σεαυτόν , transliterated: gnōthi seauton ; as well ... σαυτόν … sauton with the ε contracted) is one of the Delphic maxims and was the beginning of three maxims inscribed in the pronaos (forecourt) of the Temple of Apollo at Delphi co-ordinate to the Greek writer Pausanias (10.24.i).^[1] The two maxims that followed "know thyself" were "nil to excess" and "certainty brings insanity".^[2] In Latin the phrase, "know thyself", is given every bit nosce te ipsum ^[three] or temet nosce .^[4]

The saying, or adage, "know thyself" has had a variety of meanings attributed to it in literature, and over time, equally in early ancient Greek the phrase meant "know thy measure".^[5]

Attribution [edit]

The Greek adage has been attributed to at to the lowest degree the post-obit ancient Greek sages:

• Bias of Priene^[6]
• Chilon of Sparta^[7]
• Cleobulus of Lindus^[half-dozen]
• Heraclitus^[8]
• Myson of Chenae^[6]
• Periander^[ix]
• Pittacus of Mytilene^[six]
• Pythagoras^[10]
• Plato^[11]
• Solon of Athens^[6]
• Thales of Miletus^[12]

Diogenes Laërtius attributes it to Thales (Lives I.forty), but as well notes that Antisthenes in his Successions of Philosophers attributes information technology to Phemonoe, a mythical Greek poet, though albeit that information technology was appropriated by Chilon. In a discussion of moderation and cocky-sensation, the Roman poet Juvenal quotes the phrase in Greek and states that the axiom descended due east caelo (from heaven) (Satires xi.27). The 10th-century Byzantine encyclopedia the Suda recognized Chilon^[seven] and Thales^[12] as the sources of the maxim "Know Thyself".

The authenticity of all such attributions is hundred-to-one; co-ordinate to Parke and Wormell (1956), "The actual authorship of the 3 maxims set upwardly on the Delphian temple may be left uncertain. Almost likely they were pop proverbs, which tended subsequently to be attributed to item sages."^{[13] [14]}

Usage [edit]

Listed chronologically:

By Aeschylus [edit]

The ancient Greek playwright Aeschylus uses the maxim "know thyself" in his play Prometheus Leap. The play, about a mythological sequence, thereby places the maxim inside the context of Greek mythology. In this play, the demi-god Prometheus first track at the Olympian gods, and confronting what he believes to be the injustice of his having been bound to a cliffside by Zeus, rex of the Olympian gods. The demi-god Oceanus comes to Prometheus to reason with him, and cautions him that he should "know thyself".^[15] In this context, Oceanus is telling Prometheus that he should know better than to speak sick of the 1 who decides his fate and accordingly, peradventure he should better know his place in the "corking order of things".

Past Socrates [edit]

One of Socrates's students, the historian Xenophon, described some of the instances of Socrates's use of the Delphic maxim "Know Thyself" in his history titled: Memorabilia. In this writing, Xenophon portrayed his teacher'due south utilise of the maxim as an organizing theme for Socrates'due south lengthy dialogue with Euthydemus.^[sixteen]

By Plato [edit]

Plato, another student of Socrates, employs the maxim "Know Thyself" extensively past having the character of Socrates employ information technology to motivate his dialogues. Benjamin Jowett's index to his translation of the Dialogues of Plato lists six dialogues which discuss or explore the Delphic saying: "know thyself". These dialogues (and the Stephanus numbers indexing the pages where these discussions brainstorm) are Charmides (164D), Protagoras (343B), Phaedrus (229E), Philebus (48C), Laws (2.923A), Alcibiades I (124A, 129A, 132C).^[17]

In Plato's Charmides, Critias argues that "succeeding sages who added 'never also much', or, 'requite a pledge, and evil is nigh at paw', would appear to have and then misunderstood them; for they imagined that 'know thyself!' was a piece of communication which the god gave, and not his salutation of the worshippers at their first coming in; and they defended their own inscription nether the idea that they also would requite as useful pieces of advice."^[18] In Critias' opinion "know thyself!" was an admonition to those entering the sacred temple to recall or know their place and that "know thyself!" and "be temperate!" are the same.^[xix] In the balance of the Charmides, Plato has Socrates atomic number 82 a longer enquiry as to how nosotros may gain cognition of ourselves.

In Plato'due south Phaedrus, Socrates uses the proverb "know thyself" as his explanation to Phaedrus to explicate why he has no time for the attempts to rationally explicate mythology or other far flung topics. Socrates says, "But I have no leisure for them at all; and the reason, my friend, is this: I am non yet able, as the Delphic inscription has it, to know myself; then it seems to me ridiculous, when I do not yet know that, to investigate irrelevant things."^[xx]

In Plato'southward Protagoras, Socrates lauds the authors of pithy and concise sayings delivered precisely at the right moment and says that Lacedaemon, or Sparta, educates its people to that finish. Socrates lists the Vii Sages equally Thales, Pittacus, Bias, Solon, Cleobulus, Myson, and Chilon, who he says are gifted in that Lacedaemonian fine art of concise words "twisted together, like a bowstring, where a slight effort gives great force".^[21] Socrates says examples of them are, "the far-famed inscriptions, which are in all men's mouths—'Know thyself', and 'Null too much'".^[22] Having lauded the maxims, Socrates and then spends a great deal of time getting to the lesser of what i of them means, the maxim of Pittacus, "Difficult is it to be practiced." The irony hither is that although the sayings of Delphi conduct "nifty force", information technology is not articulate how to live life in accordance with their meanings. Although, the curtailed and broad nature of the sayings suggests the active partaking in the usage and personal discovery of each maxim; as if the intended nature of the proverb lay not in the words just the self-reflection and self-referencing of the person thereof.

In Plato's Philebus dialogue, Socrates refers dorsum to the same usage of "know thyself" from Phaedrus to build an example of the ridiculous for Protarchus. Socrates says, as he did in Phaedrus, that people make themselves appear ridiculous when they are trying to know obscure things before they know themselves.^[23] Plato also alluded to the fact that understanding "thyself" would take a greater yielded factor of agreement the nature of a human being. Syllogistically, understanding oneself would enable thyself to have an understanding of others as a effect.

Later usage [edit]

Item from the 6th edition of Linnaeus' Systema Naturae (1748). "Man. Nosce te ipsum."

The Suda, a 10th-century encyclopedia of Greek knowledge, states: "the proverb is applied to those whose boasts exceed what they are",^[7] and that "know thyself" is a warning to pay no attention to the stance of the multitude.^[24]

Cocky-knowledge was an of import concept in the writings of the 12-13th century Spanish Sufi Ibn Arabi. He distinguished between various philosophical and mystical meanings of "Know Thyself" and the hadith "Who knows himself, knows his Lord."^[25]

One work past the Medieval philosopher Peter Abelard is titled Scito te ipsum ("know yourself") or Ethica.

From 1539 onward, the phrase nosce te ipsum and its Latin variants were used in the anonymous texts written for anatomical fugitive sheets printed in Venice equally well as for later anatomical atlases printed throughout Europe. The 1530s fugitive sheets are the first instances in which the phrase was applied to knowledge of the human body attained through dissection.^[26]

In 1600, in his play Hamlet, Shakespeare writes, "To thine own self exist true."

In 1651, Thomas Hobbes used the term nosce teipsum which he translated as "read thyself" in his work The Leviathan. He was responding to a popular philosophy at the time that yous can learn more by studying others than you can from reading books. He asserts that one learns more past studying oneself: peculiarly the feelings that influence our thoughts and motivate our actions. As Hobbes states, "only to teach united states of america that for the similitude of the thoughts and passions of ane man, to the thoughts and passions of another, whosoever looketh into himself and considereth what he doth when he does recollect, opine, reason, promise, fright, etc., and upon what grounds; he shall thereby read and know what are the thoughts and passions of all other men upon the similar occasions."^[27]

In 1734, Alexander Pope wrote a poem entitled "An Essay on Human, Epistle II", which begins "Know then thyself, presume not God to scan, The proper study of mankind is Homo."^[28]

In 1735, Carl Linnaeus published the first edition of Systema Naturae in which he described humans (Homo) with the uncomplicated phrase "Nosce te ipsum".^[29]

In 1750, Benjamin Franklin, in his Poor Richard's Almanack, observed the great difficulty of knowing ane's self, with: "At that place are three Things extremely hard, Steel, a Diamond, and to know one's self."^[30]

In 1754, Jean-Jacques Rousseau lauded the "inscription of the Temple at Delphi" in his Discourse on the Origin of Inequality.

In 1831, Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote a poem titled "Γνώθι Σεαυτόν", or Gnothi Seauton ('Know Thyself'), on the theme of "God in thee". The poem was an anthem to Emerson's belief that to "know thyself" meant knowing the God that Emerson felt existed within each person.^[31]

In 1832, Samuel T. Coleridge wrote a poem titled "Self Knowledge" in which the text centers on the Delphic maxim "Know Thyself" beginning "Gnôthi seauton!—and is this the prime And sky-sprung adage of the olden fourth dimension!—" and ending with "Ignore thyself, and strive to know thy God!" Coleridge'south text references JUVENAL, 11. 27.^[32]

In 1857, Allan Kardec asks in The Spirits Book (question 919): "What is the most effective method for guaranteeing self-improvement and resisting the attraction of wrongdoing?" and obtains the answer from the Spirits "A philosopher of antiquity once said, 'Know thyself'".^[33] Acknowledging the wisdom of the maxim, he and so asks about the means of acquiring self-noesis, obtaining a detailed answer with applied instructions and philosophical-moral considerations.

In 1902, Hugo von Hofmannsthal had his 16th-century alter ego in his letter to Francis Bacon mention a book he intended to phone call Nosce te ipsum.

In 1978 Idries Shah wrote in Learning How to Learn, p. 38, "People have to know more almost themselves before they have on what are so often misconceived projects." In 1997 he explained "Know Thyself" thus in The Commanding Self, p. 15, "'He who knows himself, knows his Lord' means, among other things, that self-deception prevents noesis... The first self about which to obtain knowledge is the secondary, false self which stands in the style..." The theme of knowing oneself and knowing God is also featured in the to a higher place citations from Ibn Arabi, Pope, Coleridge and Emerson, in different ways.

The Wachowskis used one of the Latin versions (temet nosce) of this adage every bit inscription over the Oracle's kitchen doorway in their movies The Matrix (1999)^[34] and The Matrix Revolutions (2003).^[35] The transgender grapheme Nomi in the Netflix show Sense8, again directed by The Wachowskis, has a tattoo on her arm with the Greek version of this phrase.

"Know Thyself" is the motto of Hamilton College of Lyceum International School (Nugegoda, Sri Lanka) and of İpek University (Ankara, Turkey).^[36] The Latin phrase "Nosce te ipsum" is the motto of Landmark College.

Nosce te ipsum is also the motto for the Scottish clan Thompson. Information technology is featured on the family unit crest or coat of arms.^[37]

In other cultures [edit]

Knowing the Self is a core principle towards spiritual liberation or Moksha in Indian philosophical traditions, including Advaita Vedanta. In the Upanishads, it appears as "Atmanam Viddhi", that literally translates to "know thyself". The idea is reflected through the four central statements known as Mahavakya, found in the 4 Vedas, which form the foundations of Vedanta philosophy.

In The Fine art of State of war, the maxim 知彼知己，百战不殆 means "know others and know thyself, and yous will not be endangered past innumerable battles". In this saying by Sun Zi (孙子, Sunday Tze), the thought of knowing oneself is paramount.

Encounter as well [edit]

• Delphic maxims
• I know that I know nothing
• Introspection
• Jnana
• Philosophy of self
• Self-cognition (psychology)
• The Art of War
• Mahāvākyas

References [edit]

1. ^ "Pausanias, Description of Greece, Phocis and Ozolian Locri, chapter 24". www.perseus.tufts.edu.
2. ^ Plato Charmides 165
3. ^ "Nosce te ipsum - Definition and More than from the Complimentary Merriam-Webster Dictionary". Merriam-webster.com. 2022-08-13. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
4. ^ "AllExperts.com: temet nosce". allexperts.com. Archived from the original on 31 December 2022. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
5. ^ Wilkins, Eliza G. (April 1927). "ΕΓΓΥΑ, ΠΑΡΑ ΔΑΤΗ in Literature" (PDF). Classical Philology. University of Chicago Press. 22 (2): 121–135. doi:10.1086/360881. JSTOR 263511. S2CID 162666822.
6. ^ ^{a b c d eastward} "Plato, Protagoras, section 343a". www.perseus.tufts.edu.
7. ^ ^{a b c} "SOL Search". www.cs.uky.edu.
8. ^ Doctoral thesis, "Know Thyself in Greek and Latin Literature," Eliza Thousand. Wilkens, U. Chi, 1917, p. 12 (online).
9. ^ Pausanias 10.24.1 mentions a controversy over whether Periander should be listed as the seventh sage instead of Myson. Merely Socrates who is cited by Pausanias as his source supports Myson. Paus. ten.24
10. ^ Vico, Giambattista; Visconti, Gian Galeazzo (1993). On humanistic teaching: (six inaugural orations, 1699-1707) . Six Countdown Orations, 1699-1707 From the Definitive Latin Text, Introduction, and Notes of Gian Galeazzo Visconti. Cornell University Press. p. 4. ISBN0801480876.
11. ^ "Plato, Philebus, section 48c". world wide web.perseus.tufts.edu.
12. ^ ^{a b} "SOL Search". www.cs.uky.edu.
13. ^ H. Parke and D. Wormell, The Delphic Oracle, (Basil Blackwell, 1956), vol. i, p. 389.
14. ^ Dempsey, T., Delphic Oracle: Its Early on History, Influence & Fall, Oxford: B.H. Blackwell, 1918. With a prefatory annotation by R. S. Conway. Cf. pp.141-142 (Alternative source for book at Internet Annal in various formats)
15. ^ Aeschylus, Prometheys Jump, v. 309: γίγνωσκε σαυτὸν.
16. ^ "Xenophon, Memorabilia, Book 4, chapter 2, section 24". world wide web.perseus.tufts.edu.
17. ^ Plato, The Dialogues of Plato translated into English with Analyses and Introductions past Benjamin Jowett, M.A. in Five Volumes. 3rd edition revised and corrected (Oxford University Press, 1892), (See Index: Cognition; 'know thyself' at Delphi).
18. ^ "Plato, Charmides, section 165a". www.perseus.tufts.edu.
19. ^ "Plato, Charmides, department 164e". www.perseus.tufts.edu.
20. ^ "Plato, Phaedrus, section 229e". www.perseus.tufts.edu.
21. ^ "Plato, Protagoras, department 343a". www.perseus.tufts.edu.
22. ^ "Plato, Protagoras, section 343b". world wide web.perseus.tufts.edu.
23. ^ "Plato, Philebus, section 48c". www.perseus.tufts.edu.
24. ^ "SOL Search". www.cs.uky.edu.
25. ^ Know Yourself, According To Qur'an And Sunnah: Ibn Arabi's View, Periodical of Philosophical Theological Research Autumn 2007, Volume 9, Number ane (33); Page(s) six to 22, https://www.sid.ir/en/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?FID=105220073301
26. ^ William Schupbach, The Paradox of Rembrandt's "Beefcake of Dr. Tulp" (Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine: London, 1982), pp. 67–68
27. ^ Hobbes, Thomas. "The Leviathan". Civil peace and social unity through perfect government. Oregon State Academy: Phl 302, Dandy Voyages: the History of Western Philosophy from 1492–1776, Winter 1997. Archived from the original on 27 November 2022. Retrieved vi January 2022.
28. ^ "Alexander Pope begins his Essay on Human Epistle II 'Know then thyself'".
29. ^ Maxwell, Mary (Jan 1984). Human Evolution: A Philosophical Anthropology. ISBN9780709917922.
30. ^ Franklin, Benjamin (Jan 31, 1904). "Autobiography: Poor Richard. Messages". D. Appleton – via Google Books.
31. ^ "Emerson -Poetry- Gnothi Seauton". archive.vcu.edu.
32. ^ Samuel T. Coleridge wrote the poem "Self Knowledge" discussing Gnôthi seauton or know thyself.
33. ^ "O Livro dos Espíritos > Parte terceira — Das leis morais > Capítulo XII — Da perfeição moral > Conhecimento de si mesmo". kardecpedia.com.
34. ^ See occurrences on Google Books.
35. ^ McGrath, Patrick (x January 2022). "'Know Thyself'. The most of import art lesson of all". patrickmcgrath . Retrieved iii October 2022.
36. ^ ipek.edu.tr.
37. ^ "Thompson Surname, Family unit Crest & Coats of Arms". House of Names . Retrieved 19 Apr 2022.

External links [edit]

• Gnothi sauton at Binghamton Academy
• "The Examined Life", BBC Radio four discussion with A.C. Grayling, Janet Radcliffe & Julian Baggini (In Our Time, May 9, 2002)

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Know_thyself

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